Publications

Bridge the gaps: Strengthening public health through primary care collaboration and funding innovation

Bridging Gaps: Strengthening Public Health through Primary Care Innovation and Funding Reforms

Bridging Gaps: Strengthening Public Health through Primary Care Innovation and Funding Reforms

In a January 2024 Milbank Quarterly opinion piece, Connecting Public Health and Primary Care: The Prevention and Public Health Fund Redux, authors Marianne Udow-Phillips, Samantha Iovan and Peter D. Jacobson take a look at the critical role of primary care in bridging the gap between public health and medical care, as emphasized by longstanding funding disparities which were particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Quarterly opinion piece urges a reevaluation of funding priorities and points toward innovative state-level models that leverage primary care to strengthen the public health infrastructure and promote robust population health goals.

As the authors explain, “The lesson from these models is that primary care and public health can and must work together to address the complex challenges of public health. However, primary care practices alone cannot be the leader in addressing community health. Primary care practices must have community partners, especially local public health, for population health goals to be fully realized.”

The article proposes leveraging the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the Prevention and Public Health Fund (PPHF) to bridge funding gaps and strengthen the connection between primary care and public health.

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Rate analysis: 2021 ACA Health Insurance Marketplace for Michigan

affordable health care sign

Sign reading "Affordable Healthcare", referring to the Health Insurance MarketplaceIn 2021, monthly ACA health insurance rates for the lowest cost plans in Michigan on the Health Insurance Marketplace decreased, on average. These decreases occurred despite the many uncertainties associated with the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19).

2021 ACA Health Insurance Marketplace plan options are robust for communities across Michigan. In many counties, rates have declined considerably. These 2021 Marketplace changes are favorable for consumers overall. However, rates have increased in other counties and regions. Consumers should review their options and make a plan selection by December 15, when the annual open enrollment period ends.

Michigan consumers already enrolled in a 2020 plan should explore plan options and select a 2021 Health Insurance Marketplace plan before being automatically reenrolled on December 16. Last year’s lowest cost plans may not be the lowest cost plans the coming year.

2021 ACA health insurance rates for Michigan

Key findings

  • The same nine insurers that offered plans on the Michigan Marketplace last year are doing so again. One of these insurers merged with an additional issuer not previously in the Michigan Marketplace (Meridian with Centene).
  • All counties in Michigan have at least two participating insurers in the Marketplace and Michigan consumers can select from nine to 85 plans, depending on the county in which they live. This is an increase from 2020, when consumers could select from nine to 76 plans.
  • Across all counties in Michigan, Marketplace premiums are lower on average this year than they were in 2020. On average, premiums for the lowest cost bronze plans decreased by 6.8 percent, lowest cost silver and second-lowest cost silver plans decreased by 3.3 percent and 4.3 percent less respectively, and lowest cost gold plans decreased by 2.2 percent. Expanded bronze plan premiums increased by 0.1 percent.
  • The majority of Michigan’s 83 counties have new lowest cost silver and second-lowest cost silver plans available. Those who are set to reenroll in plans that were the lowest cost or second-lowest cost silver plans available to them in 2020 should review their options as they may find less expensive plans—and better plans—to choose from in the 2021 Health Insurance Marketplace.
  • Three of Michigan’s insurers, representing 44 of the 128 total offered plans, have said COVID-19 was a factor in determining their 2021 Marketplace premiums. Their plans’ premiums are moderately higher than they otherwise would have been absent the pandemic, ranging from 2 – 4 percent higher on average.

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Comparing Recent Health Care Proposals: From building on the ACA to Medicare for All

Yellow road sign reading "Health insurance changes ahead", referring to the changes to the Healthy Michigan Plan.

A yellow road sign reading, "Health insurance changes ahead," indicating changes due to the health care proposals the author is comparing.Democratic lawmakers in Congress have made a variety of proposals to strengthen or reform the United States health care system. These proposals range from building upon the Affordable Care Act (ACA) to fully transitioning the U.S. to a single-payer system. This fact sheet categorizes and compares the major provisions of these proposals, including possible implications for consumers, health care providers, and federal and state governments.

The proposals that the fact sheet compares are: ACA 2.0, which increases Marketplace financial assistance, restores outreach and assistance funding, and creates a reinsurance program; Public Option, which creates a publicly-administered health insurance plan offered for purchase on the Marketplace; Medicaid Buy-In, which provides certain individuals with the opportunity to purchase Medicaid coverage; Medicare Buy-In, which provides certain individuals with the opportunity to purchase Medicare coverage; Medicare for America, which provides an option and incentives for all US citizens to switch to Medicare coverage; and Medicare for All, which replaces the current health insurance system with universal Medicare coverage for all U.S. citizens.

For each health care proposal, the sheet considers who would be affected, what would be covered, what cost-sharing would look like, how it would impact other types of coverage, how it could impact health care providers, how it would be financed, and how much it could cost. The fact sheet also lists the specific bills and proposals for each health care option.

This fact sheet combines information on all the recent health care proposals in a straightforward, objective format so the proposals can easily be compared and considered. 

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Projected impacts of Medicaid work requirements: An overview of current state proposals

Several brown file tabs, with the center one reading "Requirements", referring to the new Michigan Medicaid work requirements.

A checklist with red checkmarks and "Requirements" written in red, indicating the Medicaid work requirements.As of January 2019, 14 states have submitted proposals to the federal government requesting permission to establish work requirements in their Medicaid programs. To date, the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has approved Medicaid work requirements for seven states, and two states (Arkansas and Indiana) have begun implementing these requirements for Medicaid beneficiaries. This overview examines the projected impacts of these Medicaid work requirements.

In June 2018, Michigan enacted work requirements for many enrollees in the Healthy Michigan Plan (HMP), Michigan’s expanded Medicaid program for low-income adults.

Beginning in January 2020, HMP enrollees under age 63 will be required to report 80 hours of work per month or obtain an exemption (see CHRT’s previous fact sheet, Proposed Medicaid Work Requirements in Michigan).

The Michigan House Fiscal Agency initially estimated that the impact of Medicaid work requirements would result in approximately 80 percent of enrollees subject to the requirements, while 20 percent would qualify for an exemption.  More recently, an independent analysis by Manatt Health projected that 39 percent of HMP enrollees would be automatically exempt (based on age, pregnancy, medically frail, or incarceration status; or because they are already meeting SNAP/TANF work requirements), while 61 percent would be required to report work hours or obtain an exemption. This analysis estimated that 9 to 27 percent of all HMP enrollees could lose coverage over a one-year period.

Most of the 14 states that have requested federal permission to establish Medicaid work requirements have projected that some current Medicaid enrollees will lose coverage as a result of these changes. While estimates vary, states have projected that anywhere from 5 percent to 50 percent of the populations subject to work requirements (i.e., those who are not currently working and do not qualify for an exemption) are estimated to lose coverage. The Kaiser Family Foundation has estimated that, if a work requirement were implemented at the national level, approximately 1.4 to 4 million enrollees (6-17 percent of non-elderly, non-disabled adult Medicaid enrollees) would lose coverage.

Early experience from Arkansas indicates that administrative or structural barriers may prevent individuals from complying with work requirements. According to a recent report from the Kaiser Family Foundation, many Medicaid enrollees were unaware of the new requirements and unable to navigate the state’s online-only reporting system. In addition, enrollees may face a lack of jobs (especially in rural areas), transportation, and/or internet access to obtain information about job and volunteer opportunities.

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Michigan at a crossroads: CHRT highlights key health policy issues for the incoming gubernatorial administration

Two feet standing on a road, with a red stripe going one direction and a yellow stripe going the other direction, showing how Michigan health policy issues are at a crossroads.The Michigan government has jurisdiction over a wide array of health policy issues. From the regulation of insurance products, to oversight of the state’s Medicaid program, to investing in local public health efforts, Michigan policymakers craft policies and budgets that impact the health of millions of Michiganders.

This brief provides an overview of four key and timely health policy topics:

  • Medicaid and the Healthy Michigan Plan;
  • the individual health insurance market and the federal Health Insurance Marketplace;
  • the opioid epidemic; and
  • the integration of services to address the social determinants of health.

With the expansion of Medicaid and the launch of the Affordable Care Act’s individual Health Insurance Marketplace, the numbers of uninsured Michiganders have been considerably reduced since 2013. Yet Michigan policy makers will still face numerous policy issues and decisions related to health care coverage, health disparities, and access to care in the years to come. Our state will continue to struggle with complex health issues such as substance use and access to mental health services.

Michigan policy leaders, local public health agencies, and the private sector are engaged in many innovative initiatives to address these issues and improve the health of communities. In particular, the state has committed to programs that are intended to improve health equity and focus on the social determinants of health.

All of this work is being conducted at a time of great political change and considerable turmoil at the federal level. The new governor and the 100th Legislature will be faced with both tremendous responsibility and opportunity to shape the health policy landscape for years to come.

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Proposed work requirements for Medicaid in Michigan: June 7, 2018

A white sheet of paper with writing. A green highlighter is highlighting the word "legislation", referring to new Michigan Medicaid work requirements.

At the start of 2018, the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) announced a major shift in federal policy that would allow states to request permission to establish, and test the impact of, work and community engagement requirements for able-bodied adults receiving Medicaid health insurance coverage. In the last five months, work requirement proposals have been approved in four states; formal applications have been submitted by seven more, and a number of others are preparing proposals. Michigan is among the states proposing Medicaid work requirements.

In April, the Michigan State Senate took the first step toward establishing work requirements by passing Senate Bill 897. The Michigan House of Representatives passed an updated version of the bill on June 6. And on the morning of June 7, the Michigan Senate approved the revisions and sent the bill to the Governor’s office for signature.

In this fact sheet, we compare the characteristics and projected impact of Michigan’s most recent Medicaid work requirement proposal against the characteristics and projected impact of approved work requirement proposals in Kentucky, Indiana, Arkansas, and New Hampshire. We also describe new requirements for Healthy Michigan Plan enrollees who wish to maintain coverage after four years, and a series of triggers that would terminate the Healthy Michigan Plan if CMS fails to approve these requirements.

To learn more, read our Consumer’s Guide to the Medicaid work requirements.

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Setting the stage for the 2019 Health Insurance Marketplace

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A screenshot of "Healthcare.gov", a site for the Health Insurance Marketplace.The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services is rolling back regulations around rate increases, essential health benefits, health insurance navigators, and more, for insurers offering Qualified Health Plan coverage on the Health Insurance Marketplace in 2019.

On April 9, 2018, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) issued new guidance for insurers offering Qualified Health Plan (QHP) coverage on the Health Insurance Marketplace created under the Affordable Care Act. In this guidance, CMS made several important changes intended to provide states with greater flexibility to regulate their individual and small group health insurance markets beginning in 2019.1 

In a new fact sheet, CHRT compares the current rules and regulations to the changes that go into effect in 2019—with a special focus on Michigan. The face sheet reviews essential health benefits, health insurance navigators, maximum out-of-pocket limits, standardized plan options, rate increase reviews, medical loss ratio, risk adjustment, silver loading, individual mandate hardship exemptions, projected premium and federal spending changes, and the timeline for the 2019 filing process in Michigan.

Here are just a few highlights:

  • Rate increases under 15 percent will no longer require review;
  • Simple choice standardized plans will be eliminated; and
  • Consumer cost-sharing limits will increase by 7 percent.

These changes to the 2019 Health Insurance Marketplace will impact Michigan consumers as soon as November 1, 2018, when the next Marketplace Open Enrollment Period begins.

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Update: For more information about the 2019 Health Insurance Marketplace, read our rate analysis.

Proposed work requirements for Medicaid in Michigan: April 20, 2018

A stack of red and yellow files and notebooks. On the top notebook, "Proposal A-2136" is written in black marker, referencing Michigan's proposed Medicaid work requirements.

A stack of red and yellow files and notebooks. On the top notebook, "Proposal A-2136" is written in black marker, referencing Michigan's proposed Medicaid work requirements.At the start of 2018, the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced a major shift in federal policy that would allow states to request permission to establish, and test the impact of, work and community engagement requirements for able-bodied adults receiving Medicaid health insurance coverage. In early March, Michigan state senators took the first step toward preparing a Medicaid work requirement proposal of their own by introducing Senate Bill 897. The bill passed the Michigan State Senate on April 19.

In the last three months, work requirement proposals have been approved in three states; formal applications have been submitted by seven more; and a number of others are preparing proposals.

In this fact sheet, we compare the characteristics and projected impact of Michigan’s Medicaid work requirement proposal against the characteristics and projected impact of approved work requirement proposals in Kentucky, Indiana, and Arkansas.

The characteristics we compare include: target Medicaid populations, Medicaid enrollment, populations exempt from the new work requirements, the hours of work required, activities counted as work, and loss of coverage rules. It is difficult to project the impact of work requirements on the Medicaid population because there is no precedent program, but we discuss some possibilities.

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For updated information, read our article from June 7.

Changes in Primary Care Physicians’ Patient Characteristics Under the ACA

The feet and legs of many people sitting in chair in the waiting room of a primary care physician.

The feet and legs of many people sitting in chair in the waiting room of a primary care physician.When the Affordable Care Act (ACA) passed in 2010, health analysts expressed concerns that the expansion in coverage, predominantly through Medicaid and the Health Insurance Marketplace would overload the health system and cause problems with access to care. Specifically, many feared the impact of coverage expansion on primary care doctors. Seven million Americans live in areas where demand for primary care may exceed supply by more than 10 percent. An estimated 20 million people have gained insurance coverage nationally since the ACA’s major coverage provisions went into effect in 2014, including more than 14 million in Medicaid and CHIP, as of March 2016.

In Michigan, insurance coverage increased from 89.0 percent in 2013 to 94.6 percent in 2016. A survey of Michigan primary care doctors shows that the fears of overwhelming the health system have largely not come true. This brief looks at what Michigan primary care physicians (PCP) say about the impact of the coverage expansion on their practices.

Key findings include:

  • The majority of PCPs reported an increase in the number of newly insured patients since healthcare coverage was expanded under the ACA. Many of the newly insured are Medicaid patients.
  • PCPs are now seeing more patients and sicker patients compared to before the ACA. However, most say their individual patients are not making more frequent office visits since the ACA took effect.
  • Most PCPs said their ability to deliver quality care had either stayed the same or improved since the advent of the ACA’s coverage expansion.

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Health Insurance Marketplace in Michigan 2018: Rate Analysis

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Screenshot of the healthcare.gov website, location of the Health Insurance Marketplace

In 2017, the federal government took several regulatory and administrative actions that affect the health insurance marketplaces created under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). At the same time that Congress considered legislative proposals to repeal and replace the ACA, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) promulgated new regulations that changed annual open enrollment dates and announced the end of cost-sharing reduction payments to insurers. These developments, in addition to several other factors, have impacted Marketplace carrier participation and plan pricing in Michigan. This brief analyzes the rates in the 2018 Health Insurance Marketplace in Michigan.

Key findings include:

  • Michigan continues to have a robust Marketplace. Eight insurers are participating in Michigan’s health insurance marketplace in 2018, a decrease of two insurers from 2017.
  • Michigan consumers can select from a variety of Marketplace plans. There are 12 to 52 plans offered in each of Michigan’s 83 counties.
  • Across all counties, the average premium increase for the lowest cost and second-lowest cost silver plans is 33 percent and 34 percent, respectively. Premiums for the lowest cost bronze plan increased by 16 percent, and premiums for the lowest cost gold plan increased by 6 percent.
  • Premium tax credits are linked to the cost of the local second-lowest cost silver plan. All else equal, individuals who are eligible for premium tax credits could receive a larger tax credit in 2018 due to premium increases for the second-lowest cost silver plan. In 23 counties, larger tax credit amounts will eliminate the cost difference between renewing the 2017 lowest cost silver plan and actively enrolling in the 2018 lowest cost silver plan.
  • The federal government reduced the open enrollment period to 45 days, from 92 days in 2017.
  • Federal financial support for Michigan Navigators to help with open enrollment has been reduced by 72 percent, from $2,228,692 in 2017 to $627,958 in 2018.

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